This covers a wide variety of procedures that are performed to help repair damaged tissue. Causes of tissue damage can range from birth defects or traumatic injuries to severe burns or disease. The main aim is to restore the body, or the function of a specific part of the body, to normal.
Wherever possible plastic surgeons carrying out reconstructive surgery attempt to minimize the visual impact of the initial wound or defect, and the impact of the surgery itself. Cosmetic surgery too is an extension of reconstructive surgery.
Breast reconstruction helps restore breasts to near their normal shape, appearance, symmetry and size following a mastectomy after cancer surgery . Breast reconstruction can be done in more than one way . Implant or Expander -based reconstruction ,flap reconstruction (using the patient’s own tissue from another part of the body) and fat transfer( transferring fat from a distant area into the breast).
Tuberous breast deformity
Tuberous breast deformity is congenital and becomes obvious at puberty. Each woman has individual challenges based on her anatomy, the extent of the deformity, and the degree of asymmetry of her breasts.
The exact cause of tuberous breast deformity is unclear, but some theorize it could have something to do with constricted skin around the breast that interrupts normal development.
In either case, breast implants can help with achieving a fuller and more balanced look.
Poland’s Syndrome( for Women and Men)
Poland’s Syndrome is a rare congenital condition affecting the chest, breast, and sometimes the upper extremity (arm and hand) on one side of the body. Males are three times more commonly affected than females, and the right side is affected twice as often as the left.
As breast asymmetry develops during puberty, young women seek cosmetic correction of their breast and chest wall. Each of these features
Nipple Hypertrophy
Hypertrophic nipples protrude overtly. This condition is occasionally painful and often embarrassing as the nipples can be easily chafed and visible through clothing.
The cause is largely unclear. There may be a genetic component as the condition tends to run in families and is significantly more common among those of Asian descent, followed by Caucasians.
Nipple reductions can decrease the prominence of the nipple without limiting sensitivity.
Nipple Inversion
Inverted nipples tend to recede into the breast, a condition that is rarely uncomfortable but can make affected women extremely self-conscious.
Whatever the cause, nipple inversion can be corrected with surgery.
Newer techniques can also treat the condition by stretching the connective fibers instead of severing them.
Supernumerary nipple(SNN) and areola (polythelia) and breast (polymastia)
Although most SNNs develop along the embryonic milk line, they may also appear on the back, shoulder, thigh, face, or genital area.
Corrective surgery for polymastia is performed when breast development is complete and final breast tissue volumes have been achieved.
Absence of the nipple, areola (athelia), or the breast tissue (amastia)
Treatment of amastia and athelia follow the principles of breast reconstruction with special attention paid to the placement of the inframammary fold and nipple.
Breast Hypoplasia(micromastia)
In the case of breast hypoplasia, the breast is partially developed, so one or both breasts appear completely flat, whereas with breast hypoplasia one or both breasts appear severely underdeveloped but definitely present. The condition is often unilateral, meaning only one breast will appear underdeveloped, causing severe breast asymmetry.
Hand surgery can improve conditions that impair the hand, including carpal tunnel syndrome and Dupuytren’s contracture (a disabling hand disorder marked by scar-like tissue bands on the palm) and tumors of the hand. These surgeries can treat diseases that cause pain and impair strength, function and flexibility in the wrists and fingers. They can also correct some abnormalities that may have been present at birth (congenital) such as syndactyly (fused fingers), macrodactlyl (giant fingers) amongst others.
Hand function due to injuries of tendons ,muscles, nerves or blood vessels bones) or those as a result of burns are also treated
Foot surgeries are available for people affected by tumors, or by webbed or extra toes.
This is a group of treatments that attempt to minimize the appearance of a scar and help it blend in more effectively with the surrounding skin. Treatments can range from mild, topical treatments and minimally invasive procedures to surgical revision. Know that while scars can be reduced an minimized and adjusted to form a optical illusion they often cannot be completely removed.
